Phyllodistomum vaili(Plagiorchiida: Gorgoderidae) infecting Parupeneus rubescens (Perciformes: Mullidae): morphology and phylogeny / Phyllodistomum vaili (Plagiorchiida: Gorgoderidae) infectando Parupeneus rubescens (Perciformes: Mullidae): morfologia e filogenia

Abstract Knowledge of the Arabian Gulf fish's parasite fauna is very poor. Until recently, only scattered reports from different locations are known for ecto- and endoparasites. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the digenean species that infects one of the most economically fish species in the Arabian Gulf, the rosy goatfish Parupeneus rubescens . One plagiorchiid species has been described, belonging to the Gorgoderidae family, and has been named as Phyllodistomum vaili Ho, Bray, Cutmore, Ward & Cribb, 2014 based on its morphological and morphometric characteristics. In order to accurately classify and characterize this plagiorchiid species, molecular analysis was carried out using both nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA gene regions and revealed that the present plagiorchiid species was associated with other species belonging to the Gorgoderidae family and deeply embedded in the Phyllodistomum genus, closely related to the previously described P. vaili (gb- KF013187.1, KF013173.1). The present study therefore revealed that the species Phyllodistomum is the first account as endoparasites from the rosy goatfish inhabiting the Arabian Gulf.

Resumo O conhecimento da fauna de parasitas dos peixes do Golfo Árabe é escasso. Atualmente, apenas relatórios dispersos de diferentes locais são conhecidos para ecto e endoparasitas. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar as especies digenéticas que infectam uma das espécies economicamente mais importantes do Golfo Arábico, o peixe-cabra rosado Parupeneus rubescens . Uma espécie de plagiorquídeo foi descrita, pertencente à família Gorgoderidae e foi denominada Phyllodistomum vaili Ho, Bray, Cutmore, Ward & Cribb, 2014, com base em suas propriedades morfológicas e morfométricas. A fim de classificar e caracterizar com precisão essa espécie de plagiorquídeo, a análise molecular foi realizada usando as regiões nucleares do gene 18S e 28S rRNA, revelando que a atual espécie de plagiorchídeo estava associada a outras espécies pertencentes à família Gorgoderidae e, profundamente incorporada ao gênero Phyllodistomum , intimamente relacionado ao P. vaili descrito anteriormente (gb - KF013187.1, KF013173.1). O presente estudo revelou, portanto, que a espécie Phyllodistomum vailli é o primeiro relato como endoparasita do peixe-cabra rosado que habita o Golfo Arábico.

Neoechinorhynchus macrospinosus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in Rabbit fish Siganus rivulatus (Siganidae): morphology and phylogeny / Neoechinorhynchus macrospinosus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) em peixes-coelho Siganus rivulatus (Siganidae): morfologia e filogenia

Siganids are the most important marine fish distributed along the African coast. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate parasite fauna infects one of the most important mariculture fish species in the Red Sea, the Rabbit fish Siganus rivulatus. One acanthocephalan species has been isolated from the posterior region of fish intestine, belonging to the Neoechinorhynchidae family, and named as Neoechinorhynchus macrospinosus Amin & Nahhas, 1994 based on its morphological and morphometric features. In order to determine the accurate taxonomic position of this acanthocephalan species, molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on the partial sequences of 18S rDNA gene region. The obtained data revealed that this species was associated with a close identity ˃71% for other species belonging to the Neoechinorhynchidae family. In addition, the recovered species deeply embedded in the Neoechinorhynchus genus, closely related to the previously described Neoechinorhynchus sp., N. mexicoensis, and N. golvani with identity percent of 95.14, 93.59, 93.59%, respectively. Therefore, the present study provide a better understanding about the taxonomic status of N. macrospinosus based on 18S rDNA that can be useful for achieving a proper assessment of biodiversity.

Os siganídeos são os peixes marinhos mais importantes distribuídos ao longo da costa africana. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a fauna de parasitas infectando uma das espécies mais importantes de peixes para maricultura no Mar Vermelho, o peixe-coelho Siganus rivulatus. Uma espécie de acantocéfalo foi isolada da região posterior do intestino de peixes pertencentes à família Neoechinorhynchidae, e denominadas Neoechinorhynchus macrospinosus Amin & Nahhas, 1994, com base em suas características morfológicas e morfométricas. A fim de determinar a posição taxonômica precisa dessa espécie de acantocéfalo, a análise filogenética molecular foi realizada com base nas sequências parciais da região do gene 18S rDNA e revelou que essa espécie estava associada a uma identidade próxima de até 71% para outras espécies pertencentes a família Neoechinorhynchidae e profundamente enraizada no gênero Neoechinorhynchus, intimamente relacionada a Neoechinorhynchus sp., N. mexicoensis, and N. golvani descrito anteriormente com percentual de identidade de 95,14, 93,59, 93,59%, respectivamente. Portanto, o presente estudo fornece uma melhor compreensão sobre o status taxonômico de N. macrospinosus com base no 18S rDNA que pode ser útil para obter uma avaliação adequada da biodiversidade.

[RETRACTED ARTICLE] Neoechinorhynchus macrospinosus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in Rabbit fish Siganus rivulatus (Siganidae): morphology and phylogeny / [ARTIGO RETRATADO] Neoechinorhynchus macrospinosus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) em peixes-coelho Siganus rivulatus (Siganidae): morfologia e filogenia

Abstract Siganids are the most important marine fish distributed along the African coast. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate parasite fauna infects one of the most important mariculture fish species in the Red Sea, the Rabbit fish Siganus rivulatus. One acanthocephalan species has been isolated from the posterior region of fish intestine, belonging to the Neoechinorhynchidae family, and named as Neoechinorhynchus macrospinosus Amin & Nahhas, 1994 based on its morphological and morphometric features. In order to determine the accurate taxonomic position of this acanthocephalan species, molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on the partial sequences of 18S rDNA gene region. The obtained data revealed that this species was associated with a close identity ˃71% for other species belonging to the Neoechinorhynchidae family. In addition, the recovered species deeply embedded in the Neoechinorhynchus genus, closely related to the previously described Neoechinorhynchus sp., N. mexicoensis, and N. golvani with identity percent of 95.14, 93.59, 93.59%, respectively. Therefore, the present study provide a better understanding about the taxonomic status of N. macrospinosus based on 18S rDNA that can be useful for achieving a proper assessment of biodiversity.

Resumo Os siganídeos são os peixes marinhos mais importantes distribuídos ao longo da costa africana. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a fauna de parasitas infectando uma das espécies mais importantes de peixes para maricultura no Mar Vermelho, o peixe-coelho Siganus rivulatus. Uma espécie de acantocéfalo foi isolada da região posterior do intestino de peixes pertencentes à família Neoechinorhynchidae, e denominadas Neoechinorhynchus macrospinosus Amin & Nahhas, 1994, com base em suas características morfológicas e morfométricas. A fim de determinar a posição taxonômica precisa dessa espécie de acantocéfalo, a análise filogenética molecular foi realizada com base nas sequências parciais da região do gene 18S rDNA e revelou que essa espécie estava associada a uma identidade próxima de até 71% para outras espécies pertencentes a família Neoechinorhynchidae e profundamente enraizada no gênero Neoechinorhynchus, intimamente relacionada a Neoechinorhynchus sp., N. mexicoensis, and N. golvani descrito anteriormente com percentual de identidade de 95,14, 93,59, 93,59%, respectivamente. Portanto, o presente estudo fornece uma melhor compreensão sobre o status taxonômico de N. macrospinosus com base no 18S rDNA que pode ser útil para obter uma avaliação adequada da biodiversidade.

Mulberry extract as an ecofriendly anticoccidial agent: in vitro and in vivo application / Extrato de amoreira como agente anticoccidiano ecologicamente correto: aplicação in vitro e in vivo

Abstract Natural products are ecofriendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. Eimeria species cause eimeriosis in many birds and mammals and resistance to available medications used in the treatment of eimeriosis is emerging. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of Morus nigra leaf extracts (MNLE) against sporulation of oocysts and infection of mice with Eimeria papillata. Phytochemical analysis of MNLE showed the presence of seven compounds and the in vitro effects of MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalin, ethanol, and phenol were studied after incubation with oocysts before sporulation. Furthermore, infection of mice with E. papillata induced an oocyst output of approximately 12 × 105 oocysts/g of feces. MNLE significantly decreased oocyst output to approximately 86% and the total number of parasitic stages in the jejunum by approximately 87%. In addition, the reduction in the number of goblet cells in the jejuna of mice was increased after treatment. These findings suggest that mulberry exhibited powerful anticoccidial activity.

Resumo Os produtos naturais são agentes ecologicamente corretos que podem ser usados ​​contra doenças parasitárias. As espécies de Eimeria causam eimeriose em muitas aves e mamíferos e a resistência aos medicamentos disponíveis usados ​​no tratamento da eimeriose está emergindo. Foram investigadas as atividades in vitro e in vivo dos extratos de folhas de Morus nigra (MNLE) contra esporulação de oocistos e infecção de camundongos com Eimeria papillata. A análise fitoquímica do MNLE mostrou a presença de sete compostos e os efeitos in vitro do MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalina, etanol e fenol foram estudados após incubação com oocistos antes da esporulação. Além disso, a infecção de camundongos com E. papillata induziu uma produção de oocistos de aproximadamente 12 × 105 oocistos / g de fezes. O MNLE reduziu significativamente a produção de oocistos para aproximadamente 86%, e o número total de estágios parasitários no jejuno em aproximadamente 87%. Além disso, a redução no número de células caliciformes no jejuno de camundongos aumentou após o tratamento. Esses achados sugerem que a amoreira exibia uma poderosa atividade anticoccidiana.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Egyptian medicinal plants and bacteriophages

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of gastric infections worldwide. Due to antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, phytotherapy and phage therapy have been a research focus as an alternative therapy for H. pylori infection. Objectives: To assess the medicinal plant extracts and bacteriophages as a treatment of H. pylori infection. Methodology: Thirty five gastric biopsies were cultured for H. pylori isolation. Screening of medicinal plants extract efficiency was done by Disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts were assessed. In vivo effect of Punica granatum peel extract was tested by bacterial density and histopathology in rats. Sewage water samples were screened for H. pylori specific bacteriophages. Single plaque isolation technique was used for phage purification. Results: Ten out of 35 (28.57%) patients had positive gastric biopsy for H. pylori by culture. Four out of 10 (40%) isolates were resistant to all antibiotics. Inhibitory effect of Rosemarinus officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, Rhus coriaria and Ammi visagna on H. pylori was detected. Punica granatum extract was the most efficient in vitro. In vivo, Punica granatum peel extract caused significant reduction of bacterial density (Pty (P<0.05) and enhanced ulcer healing. Sewage water filtrates contained 3 types ofH. pylorispecific bacteriophages. During phagepurification,phage infectivity waslost.Conclusions:Punicagranatumpeel extract revealed better in vivo activity againstH. pylorithanv standard regimen antimicrobials. Other effective plants can be beneficial inH. Pylori infection management .Loss of bacteriophage infectivity may be an obstacle to phage therapy of H. pylori

First record of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakidae) infecting the Red spot emperor Lethrinus lentjan in the Red Sea / Primeiro registro de Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakidae) infectando o imperador da mancha vermelha Lethrinus lentjan no Mar Vermelho

Abstract The current parasitological study was carried out to investigate helminth parasites infecting the Red spot emperor Lethrinus lentjan inhabiting Hurghada City at the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt. Third-stage larvae of nematode parasite was isolated from the intestine as well as body cavity of the examined fish. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that this parasite belonged to Anisakidae family within the genus Pseudoterranova. The present species is named Pseudoterranova decipiens based on the presence of triangular mouth aperture with prominent boring teeth and soft swellings of the cuticle, long muscular esophagus, ventrally excretory pore, and narrow transverse slit of anal opening followed by a short mucron. The morphological characteristics of this species were confirmed by molecular analysis of 18S rDNA gene region of the present parasite. It demonstrated a close identity ≥89% with taxa under family Anisakidae, 85% with Raphidascarididae, and 79-84% with Toxocaridae. A preliminary genetic comparison between gene sequence of the present parasite and other oxyurid species placeed it as a putative sister taxon to other Pseudoterranova decipiens described previously. This study demonstrated that the 18S rDNA gene region of Pseudoterranova decipiens yielded a unique sequence that confirmed its taxonomic position in Anisakidae.

Resumo O presente estudo parasitológico foi realizado para investigar os helmintos parasitos que infectam o peixe imperador Lethrinus lentjan, que habita a cidade de Hurghada no Golfo de Suez, Mar Vermelho, no Egito. Larvas de terceiro estágio de parasitos nematoides foram isoladas do intestino e da cavidade do corpo do peixe examinado. Microscopia eletrônica de luz e de varredura revelou que este parasita pertence à família Anisakidae dentro do gênero Pseudoterranova. A espécie atual é denominada Pseudoterranova decipiens baseada na presença de abertura triangular da boca com dentes proeminentes chatos e inchaços moles da cutícula, esôfago muscular longo, poro ventralmente excretor e fenda transversal estreita da abertura anal seguida por um mucron curto. As características morfológicas desta espécie foram confirmadas pela análise molecular da região do gene 18S rDNA do presente parasito. Demonstrou uma identidade próxima ≥89% com taxa sob família Anisakidae, 85% com Raphidascarididae, e 79-84% com Toxocaridae. Uma comparação genética preliminar entre a sequência genética do presente parasito e outras espécies de oxiurídeos coloca-o como um taxon irmão putativo para outros Pseudoterranova descritos anteriormente. Este estudo demonstra que a região do gene 18S rDNA de Pseudoterranova decipiens produz uma sequência única que confirma sua posição taxonômica em Anisakidae.

Morphological and molecular insights of a new species of trypanorhynchid cestode parasite, Nybelinia exostigmi, in the Narrowstripe cardinal fish Apogon exostigma / Abordagens morfológicas e moleculares de uma nova espécie de parasito cestóide tripanorrinquídeo, Nybelinia exostigmi, no peixe cardinal Narrowstripe Apogon exostigma

Abstract Forty specimens of the Narrowstripe cardinal fish Apogon exostigma were examined for gastrointestinal helminthes, and 62.5% were infected with a new trypanorhynchid larval cestode parasite. The morphology of its larval stage was studied based on light and scanning electron microscopy. The data revealed plerocercoid larvae characterized by a pyriform body lined with prominent microtriches; the acraspedote scolex had four overlapping bothridia; four tentacles protruded through the pars bothridialis; the armature of the tentacles was homeocanthous, homeomorphous, and consisted of falcate compact rose-thorn-shaped tentacular hooks; four oval-shaped bulbs in pars bulbosa; and short appendix at terminal end of the body. Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA sequences verified the taxonomy of this parasite and supported its morphology. We discovered that there was a close identity (up to 87%) with alternative species obtained for comparison from GenBank. The data also showed that there were high blast scores and low divergence values between this parasite and other Tentaculariidae species. The phyletic analysis showed that parasite sequences in conjunction with existing data places this trypanorhynchid species among the Tentaculariidae. This species is deeply embedded within genus Nybelinia with close relationships to Nybelinia queenslandensis as a putative sister taxon.

Resumo Quarenta espécimes do peixe cardinal Apogon exostigma da Narrowstripe foram examinados para identificar helmintos gastrointestinais, destes 62,5% foram infectados com um novo parasito larval cestóide tripanorrinquídeo. A morfologia de seu estágio larval foi estudada na microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Os dados revelaram larvas plerocercoides caracterizadas por uma forma piriforme com um corpo revestido por microtrícinos proeminentes; o escolex acraspedótico tinha quatro sobreposições; quatro tentáculos se projetavam através da pars botridialis; a armadura dos tentáculos era homeocante, homeomorfa e consistia de ganchos tentaculares em forma de espinhos, em forma de falcão; quatro bulbos ovais em pars bulbosa; e apêndice curto na extremidade terminal do corpo. A análise molecular das sequências de RNAr 18S verificou a taxonomia desse parasita e apoiou sua morfologia. Descobrimos que havia uma identidade próxima (até 87%) com espécies alternativas obtidas para comparação do GenBank. Os dados também mostraram que houve altos escores de brusone e baixos valores de divergência entre este parasita e outras espécies de Tentaculariidae. A análise filética mostrou que as sequências de parasitas em conjunto com os dados existentes colocam esta espécie de tripanorimidídeo entre os Tentaculariidae. Esta espécie está profundamente enraizada no gênero Nybelinia, tendo relações próximas com Nybelinia queenslandensis como um putativo táxon irmão.

Antimicrobial activity of bio and chemical synthesized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles

Background: The green synthesis of cadmium sulfide [CdS] nanoparticles has been regarded as the most promising technique for their prospective applications in biological system

Aim of the Work: In this study isolation of different bacterial strains from stool samples of healthy volunteer, selection of the most efficient bacterial strains able to reduce cadmium sulfide metal into nanoparticles. Characterization of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles by standard analytical methods. Mediating the biosynthesized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in medical applications in comparison to those produced by chemical methods

Materials and methods: Extracellular Escherichia coli E-30 and Klebsiella pneumoniae K-6 isolated from stool samples were the strains used for biosynthesis. Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were also produced by wet chemical method. The characterizations of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were done by using UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy [TEM], energy dispersive x-ray [EDX] and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [FT-IR]

Results: Escherichia coli E-30 has shown to be efficient in synthesizing cadmium sulfide nanoparticles where CdS nanoparticles were with average size ranging from 3.2 to 44.9 nm while average size of CdS nanoparticle was synthesized by Klebsiella pneumoniae K-6 ranging from 8.5 to 44.9 nm. While cadmium sulfide nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical method, ranging from 8.77 to 16.50 nm. Biosynthesized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles by Escherichia coli E-30 showed highest antimicrobial activity on Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotricum candidum, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli than chemical synthesized of CdS nanoparticles

Conclusion: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from stool samples had the ability to produce cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. This kind of microorganisms can be used for synthesis of nanoparticles and heavy metal absorption for detoxification of environment

Assessment of vitamin D binding protein in Egyptian cystic fibrosis children and its relation to serum Immunoglobulin G.

Background: Vitamin D binding protein DBF is a multifunctional transport protein. The aim of the present study is to measure the level of DBF and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 250HD in order to assess its role as a nutritional marker in CF, In the context of the recently described immunomodulatory functions of vitamin Dt the relationship between vitamin DBF and immunoglobulm G IgG levels was assessed

Methods: This is a cross sectional case controlled observational study recruiting 50 patients diagnosed as CF [cystic fibrosis].They were referred to Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Aboreesh Children's Hospital, Cairo University. Their age ranged years: DBF and 250HD were measured using Elisa technique and IgG was measured using nephelometer method

Results: CF group had significant lower serum concentrations of DBF p<0.012 and 250HD p< 0.001 while IgG levels were within normal values p<0.216 compared to the control group. Significant positive correlations were observed between IgG and age r-0.528, p<0.01 weight r=0.480, p<0.001 and height r=0.509, p<0.001. Significant positive relations were observed between failure to thrive and DBF p=0.023 and 250HD p=0.003. A significant positive relation between DBF and pancreatic insufficiency p=:0.039.No significant correlations were observed between DBF and 250HD r=-0.224, p=0.118, between DBF and IgG r=0.195; p =0.176, between DBF and sweat chloride test r=0.201, p=0.162, between 250HD and IgG r=0.195, p=0.I76.No significant relations were observed between pancreatic insufficiency, and 250HD p=0.944 and IgG p=0.332, between failure to thrive and IgG p=0.898

Conclusions: DBF and 250HD levels were decreased in CF patients; and IgG levels were within normal values and positively correlated with age, weight and height. Significant relations of DBF with failure to thrive and pancreatic insufficiency emphasizing its role as a marker for the nutritional status in CF patients

Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Emex spinosa [L.] Campd. extract

The current research was designed to evaluate the phytochemical contents, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of Emex spinosa extracts. The different plant extracts and Aloe-emodin glucoside were screened using the colorimetric MTT method [3-[4,5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl- tetrazolium bromide] assay to test their in vitro cytotoxic activity against HepG2, MCF-7, Caco-2 and HCT. The clinically used anticancer drug doxorubicin was used as standard for comparative purposes. Anthraquinones [Aloe-emodin-O-glucoside, Emodin and nataloin [1, 2, 8-trihydroxy, 6-methyl, 10-anthrone-C-glucoside] together with beta -sistosterol and beta -sitisterol-O- beta -D-glucoside were isolated from Emex spinosa. Aloe-emodin glucoside together with four fractions from this plant were evaluated for their anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Aloe-emodin glucoside showed anticancer activity against HCT, HepG-2, MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines. The total ethanol extract of E. spinosa and diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus subtilis

Cleft palate repair with velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction modified simple procedure

Velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction and oronasal fistula during cleft palat repair is still a matter of challenge to pediatric and ENT surgeons. To improve results of surgical treatment of cleft palate and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence a simple modified procedure for palatoplasty and velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction is made.: Thirty three patients with cleft palate[26 primary and 7 recurrent were corrected by this procedure from April 2005 to April 2010.In this procedure the well mobilized palatal muscles allow good repair for the nasal layer, and its medial rotation give push back and increases the length of well functioning soft palate, with narrowing of the velopharyngeal isthmus. The modifications in the nasal layer repair prevent the oronasal fistula and elongate the nasal posterior which reduces the velopharyngeal isthmus. All corrected patients showed good results, with no recurrence, no post-operative fistulae, with accepted phonation pattern for all Arabic alphabetic and no nasal regurgitation need for further pharyngoplasty

Gene therapy in glaucoma-3: therapeutic approaches

Despite new and improving diagnostic and therapeutic options for glaucoma, blindness from glaucoma is increasing and glaucoma remains a major public health problem. The role of heredity in ocular disease including glaucoma is attracting greater attention as the knowledge and recent advances of Human Genome Project and the HapMap Project have made genetic analysis of many human disorders possible. Glaucoma offers a variety of potential targets for gene therapy. All risk factors for glaucoma and their underlying causes are potentially susceptible to modulation by gene transfer. As genetic defects responsible for glaucoma are identified and the biochemical mechanisms underlying the disease are recognized, new methods of therapy can be developed. Genetic tests are indicated for treatment, diagnosis, prognosis, counseling, and research purposes; however, there is significant overlap among them. One of the important genetic tests for glaucoma is OcuGene. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for the glaucoma specialists to be familiar with and understand the basic molecular mechanisms, genes responsible for glaucoma, and the ways of genetic treatment. Recently, several promising genetic therapeutic approaches had been investigated. Some are either used to stop apoptosis and halt further glaucomatous damage, wound healing modulating effect or long lasting intraocular pressure lowering effects than the conventional commercially available antiglaucoma medications. Method of Literature Search. The literature was searched on the Medline database using the PubMed interface. The key words for search were glaucoma, gene therapy, and genetic diagnosis of glaucoma

Gene therapy in glaucoma-part 2: genetic etiology and gene mapping

Glaucoma diagnosis, identification of people at risk, initiation of treatment and timing of surgical intervention remains a problem. Despite new and improving diagnostic and therapeutic options for glaucoma, blindness from glaucoma is increasing and glaucoma remains a major public health problem. The role of heredity in ocular disease is attracting greater attention as the knowledge and recent advances of Human Genome Project and the HapMap Project have made genetic analysis of many human disorders possible. Glaucoma offers a variety of potential targets for gene therapy. All risk factors for glaucoma and their underlying causes are potentially susceptible to modulation by gene transfer. The discovery of genes responsible for glaucoma has led to the development of new methods of Deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]-based diagnosis and treatment. As genetic defects responsible for glaucoma are identified and the biochemical mechanisms underlying the disease are recognized, new methods of therapy can be developed. It is of utmost importance for the ophthalmologists and glaucoma specialists to be familiar with and understand the basic molecular mechanisms, genes responsible for glaucoma and the ways of genetic treatment

Postoperative analgesia using epidural infusions of sufentanil-levobupivacine 0.125% versus sufentanil-ropivacaine 0.165% after lower limb operations

Levobupivacaine 0.125% provides satisfactory analgesia with lumbar and thoracic epidural catheter placement. Two studies performed in 1999 suggest that ropivacaine may be 40% less potent than bupivacaine whereas this difference is only 2% for levobupivacaine. Ninety-two patients undergoing total hip or knee replacement were selected to participate in double-blind randomized, study comparing ropivacaine 0.165% with levobupivacaine 0.125% to which was added sufentanil 1ug/ml for postoperative analgesia by the epidural route. The total dose of ropivacaine was 60% greater than that of levobupivacaine. The larger consumption of ropivacaine does not necessarily suggest that the potency difference between both newer local anesthestics is even more than the 25% assumed in the present study design. A shorter duration of action of ropivacaine may have caused a requirement for additional demand, although it would be unwise to believe that a 50% larger dose can be entirely explained by a difference in duration of action. Both local anaesthestics levobupivacaine and ropivacaine provided effective postoperative analgesia but, even in a 25% weaker concentration a small volume of levobupivacaine and opiate substance was consumed. These differences may be explained by a potency difference or by the duration of action of levobupivacaine

Role of Nasal irrigation in treatment of acute sinusitis [comparative study between alkaline nasal wash and curcumin herbal extract]

Acute sinusitis treatment may be with medications such as antibiotics or in few cases surgery. Natural options are also available. The present study was done to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin herbal extract as nasal irrigation versus alkaline nasal wash as an adjuvant treatment of acute sinusitis. Ninety patients were enrolled in this study, suffering from acute sinusitis. Patients were taken from outpatient clinic of multicenters in Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia from Jan. to June 2009 their age ranged from 25-48 years [mean 32 +/- 2 years]. There were 60 males and 30 females. Patients were divided into 3 equal groups. The first group was treated with curcumin nasal spray 3m1 in each nostril of concentration 1mg/ml twice daily for 10 days. Another group was treated by standerized alkaline nasal wash for 10 days [3 times daily] Both groups also were given the ordinary treatment in the form of antibiotics, analgesic and mucolytics. The third group was given the ordinary treatment only for 10 days .The results of the present study showed a considerable difference between nasal curcumin treatment and other groups. Nasal curcumin was superior to alkaline nasal wash in reducing or eliminating symptoms of acute sinusitis also endoscopically the curcumin group showed a considerable improving for both nasal mucosa and clearance of nasal discharge. Curcumin herbal treatment could help in treatment of acute sinusitis by its anti inflamatory, anti microbial effects

Ureteral stent versus percutaneous nephrostomy for diversion of stone-induced hydronephrosis

Urinary diversion of the obstructed hydronephrosis kidney is indicated by symptoms, such as persistent renal colic, febrile UTI [urosepsis], and uraemia. This study is an attempt to evaluate [PCN] versus ureteral stent in cases of stone-induced hydronephrosis regarding relief of symptoms and quality of life. A total of 40 patients with stone-induced hydronephrosis were randomized into either [PCN] or stent insertion groups. These patients were then evaluated regarding to [a]- the procedure [use of analgesics, x-ray exposure, success of insertion], [b]- relief of accompanying symptoms [duration of diversion, intravenous administration of antibiotics for high temperature]; and [c]- the quality of life. Two groups of patients: [a] - the group of [PCN] has an average age of 55 years, and a male-to-female ratio of 12:8. [b]- The group of ureteral stent has an average age of 49 years, and a male-to-female ratio of 9:11. - [PCN] was successfully completed in 100% of patients and stents were successful in 80%, with a 20% conversion to [secondary PCN].- The x-ray exposure was shorter in the [PCN] group [p = 0. 052].- Administration of analgesics was more frequent in the stent group [p = 0. 061]. - [PCN] indwelling time was shorter [50% less than 2 weeks] than that of stents [25% less than 2 weeks] [p = 0.043]. - Antibiotics were administered for greater than 6 days in 0% of patients who underwent [PCN] versus 70% in those with stents [p = 0.174]. - Reduction in quality of life was moderate but more pronounced in patients with stents compared to those who underwent [PCN], and was more distinct in males and younger patients. The quality of life progressively improved in the course of diversion with [PCN] but deteriorated with stents. Our results demonstrated that [PCN] is superior to ureteral stents when diversion is indicated in cases of stone-induced hydronephrosis, especially in patients with a high temperature, as well as in males

Clinically insignificant residual fragments [CIRFs] after [ESWL]

To assess the significance of asymptomatic residual stone fragments of less than 4 mm [clinically insignificant residual fragments [CIRFs] after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [ESWL]. Eighty-one patients were followed up for 6 to 60 months [mean 15] after ESWL to determine the fate of the CIRFs. -Of the 81 patients, 6 were lost to follow-up, leaving 75 patients. -During follow-up, fragments passed spontaneously in 18 patients, remained stable in 13 patients, and became clinically significant in 44 patients who developed one or more complications. For the latter patients, repeated ESWL was done in 16, percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 3, and ureteroscopic stone removal in 4 patients. The remaining 21 patients were treated conservatively with analgesics. -We found that: a]- 53% of the CIRFs located in the pelvis passed spontaneously, and most of the CIRFs in caliceal location became clinically significant. b]- as the stone burden and number of stone fragments increased, the risk of CIRFs becoming clinically significant increased. c]- The clearance rate was highest in the first 6 months. Finally, as the duration of follow-up increased, the rate of complications increased. Patients with residual stones after ESWL require close follow-up and timely adjuvant therapy. As the number and size of residual fragments increased, the risk of complications increased. A pelvic location was a favorable factor for spontaneous passage. Although the complete clearance rate of CIRFs with repeated ESWL was lower than for the operative interventions, most patients improved with this modality

Pre - emptive analgesic efficacy of tramadol compared with morphine after major abdominal surgery

Studies of pre-emptive analgesia in humans have shown conflicting results. This prospective, randomized, double- blind, controlled study was designed to test the hypothesis that a reduction in postoperative morphine consumption can be achieved by tramadol administered after induction of anaesthesia. Ninety Patients were allocated randomly to receive i.v. tramadol [1 mg kgBiops -1] [Group T], morphine [0.1 mg kg -1] [Group M] or saline 2 ml [Group S] after induction of anaesthesia. At pentoneal closure, a standardized [0.1 mg kg -1] morphine loading dose was given to all patients for postoperatrive pain management. Patients were allowed to use a patient-controlled analgesia [PCA] device giving bolus doses of morphine 0.025 mg kg -1. Discomfort, sedation, pain scores, cumulative morphine consumption, and side effects were recorded at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after the start of PCA. There were no significant differences between groups in mean pain, discomfort, and sedation scores at any study period. Cumulative morphine consumption was significantly lower in Group M at 12 and 24 h after starting the PCA than in Group S. In Group T, it was lower only after 24 h [28% less in Group M and 17% less in Group T; P < 0.017]. There were no significant differences in morphine consumption between Groups T and M. Conclusions. Tramadol [1 mg kg -1], administered after induction of anaesthesia, offered equivalent postoperative pain relief, and similar recovery times and postoperative PCA morphine consumption compared with giving morphine 0.1 mg kg -1. These results also suggest that presurgical exposure to systemic opioid analgesia may not result in clinically significant benefits

Comparison between succinyle choline and rocuronium for endotracheal intubation

The Present study was the on fourty patients middle aged, A.S.A. grade I. II under going elective operation. After induction of anaesthesia were randomized to receive either succinyl choline 1 mg/kg or rocuronium 0.6 mg/Kg 60 seconds after muscle relaxant administration tracheal intubation attempted and assessed according to Krey's et al. Score [1]. The resulted revealed that the intubation condition was excellent in 60% and good in 40%.On the other hand the intubation score in succinyl choline group was excellent in 80% and good in 20%, we have concluded rocuronium appears to be suitable agent for use as part of rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia when succinylecholine is contraindicated

Serum P.S.A level in clinical prostatitis

This work is an attempt to find out a practically applicable correlation between the changes of serum [P.S.A] in patients with symptomatic, clinical Prostatitis [acute and chronic] and the natural history of the disease. A total of 45 cases, age ranges 22-47 years and U/S prostate volume ranges 18-30 ml, 8 cases of acute prostatitis [A.P], 14 cases chronic bacterial prostatitis [C.B.P], and 23cases of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis [N.B.P]. Medical therapy for 6 weeks to all patients, and Serum [P.S.A] was measured at presentation then 3 and 6 weeks after starting medical therapy, and the degree of serum [P.S.A] elevation was assigned as mild [>the age-specific range but < 4 ng/ml], moderate [from 4 to 10 ng/ml] and significant [>10 ng/ml].All patients have attended follow-up for 9-12 months to evaluate for clinical relapse. Using the Age-Specific reference range; at presentation Serum [P.S.A] was elevated in 25 patients [55.6 percent of the total], it includes all cases of [A.P], 8 out of 14 cases of [C.B.P] and 9 out of 23 cases of [N.B.P]. The elevation was mild in 13 cases, moderate in 8 cases and significant in 4 cases. After 3-6 weeks of medical [antibiotics] treatment, serum [P.S.A] has decreased to the normal range in 21 out of the 25 cases [84 percent] and it was associated with significant clinical improvement during 9-12 months. Although clinical improvement and no growth cultures of the Expressed Prostatic Secretion [E.P.S] are achieved within 1-2 weeks of treatment, substantial reduction or normalization of [P.S.A] isn't achieved before 3-6 weeks of therapy; and it may be a better indicator regarding control of the inflammatory process and a hallmark of infrequent clinical relapse